PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
Principle of unity of objectives
Organizational
goals, departmental goals, and individual goals must be clearly defined. All
goals and objectives must have uniformity. When there is contradiction among
different level of goals desired goals can’t be achieved. Therefore, unity of
objectives is necessary
Principle of specialization
Sound and
effective organization believes on organization. The term specialization is
related to work and employees. When an employee takes special type of knowledge
and skill in any area, it is known as specialization. Modern business
organization needs the specialization, skill and knowledge by this desired
sector of economy and thus, efficiency would be established.
Principle of coordination
In an organization
many equipment, tools are used. Coordination can be obtained by group effort
that emphasize on unity of action. Therefore, coordination facilitates in
several management concepts
Organization is a means of creating co-ordination among
different departments of the enterprise. It creates clear cut relationships
among positions and ensure mutual co-operation among individuals. Harmony of
work is brought by higher level managers exercising their authority over
interconnected activities of lower level administrator.
For
smooth running of an organization, the co-ordination between authority-
responsibility is very important. There should be co-ordination between
different relationships. Clarity should be made for having an ultimate
responsibility attached to every authority. There is a saying, “Authority
without responsibility leads to ineffective behavior and responsibility without
authority makes person ineffective.” Therefore, co-ordination of authority-
responsibility is very important.
Principle of authority
Authority is
the kind of right and power through which it guides and directs the actions of
others so that the organizational goals can be achieved. It is also related
with decision making. It is vested in particular position, not to the person because
authority is given by an institution and therefore it is legal. It generally
flows from higher level to lowest level of organization. There should be
unbroken line of authority.
Principle of responsibility
Authentic body
of an organization is top level management, top level management direct the
subordinates. Departmental administrators and other personnel take the
direction from top level management to perform the task. Authority is necessary
to perform the work .only authority is not provided to the people but
obligation is also provided. So the obligation to perform the duties and task
is known as responsibility. Responsibility can’t be delegated. It can’t be
avoided.
Principle of delegation
Process of transferring
authority and creation of responsibility between superior and subordinates to
accomplish a certain task is called delegation of authority. Authority is only
delegated, not responsibilities in all levels of management. The authority
delegated should be equal to responsibility
Principle of efficiency
In enterprise
different resources are used. Therese resources must be used in effective
manner. When the organization fulfill the objectives with minimum cost, it is
effective. Organization must always concentrate on efficiency.
Principle of unity of command
Subordinates should
receive orders from single superior at a time and all subordinates should be
accountable to that superior. More superior leads to confusion, delay and so
on. It
implies one subordinate-one superior relationship. Every subordinate is
answerable and accountable to one boss at one time. This helps in avoiding
communication gaps and feedback and response is prompt. Unity of command also
helps in effective combination of resources, that is, physical, financial
resources which helps in easy co-ordination and, therefore, effective
organization.
Authority Flows from Top to Bottom |
Inspector
General of Police (I.G.P)
|
↓
|
Deputy
Inspector General of Police (D.I.G)
|
↓
|
District
Police Officer (D.P.O)
|
↓
|
Inspectors
of Police
|
Principle of span of control
Unlimited subordinates
can’t be supervised by an administrator, this principle thus helps to determine
numerical limit if subordinates to be supervised by an administrator. This improves
efficiency. According to this principle, span of control is a span of
supervision which depicts the number of employees that can be handled and
controlled effectively by a single administrator. According to this principle, an administrator should be able to handle what
number of employees under him should be decided. This decision can be taken by
choosing either from a wide or narrow span. There are two types of span of
control:-
- Wide span of control- It is one in which a
manager can supervise and control effectively a large group of persons at
one time. The features of this span are:-
- Less overhead cost of supervision
- Prompt response from the employees
- Better communication
- Better supervision
- Better co-ordination
- Suitable for repetitive jobs
According to this span, one administrator
can effectively and efficiently handle a large number of subordinates at one
time.
- Narrow span of control- According to this span,
the work and authority is divided amongst many subordinates and an administrator doesn't supervises and control a very big
group of people under him. The administrator according to a narrow span
supervises a selected number of employees at one time. The features are:-
- Work which requires tight control and
supervision, for example, handicrafts etc.
- Co-ordination is difficult to be
achieved.
- Communication gaps can come.
- Messages can be distorted.
- Specialization work can be achieved.
Principle of balance
The functional
activities their establishment and other performances should be balanced properly.
Authority, centralization, decentralization must be balance equally. This is
very challenging job but efficient management must keep it.
Principle of communication
Communication
is the process of transformation of information from one person to another of
different levels. It involves the systematic and continuous process of telling,
listening and understanding opinions ideas, feelings, information, views etc,
in flow of information. Effective communication is important
Principle of personal ability
For sound
organization, human resources is important. Employees must be capable. Able
employees can perform higher. Mainly training and development programs must be
encouraged to develop the skill in the employees
Principle of flexibility
Organizational structure
must be flexible considering the environmental dynamism. Sometimes,
dramatically change may occur in the organization and in that condition,
organization should be ready to accept the change
Principle of simplicity
This principles
emphasizes the simplicity of organizational structure, the structure if
organization should be simple with minimum number of levels do that its member
an understand duties and authorities.
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